Climate Responsive Building - Appropriate Building Construction in Tropical and Subtropical Regions (SKAT, 1993, 324 p.) 5. Appendices 5.1 Physical data 5.2 Literature 5.3 Solar ecliptic charts 5.4 Conversion factors to SI units 5.5 List of possible plant species

Climate Responsive Building - Appropriate Building Construction in Tropical and Subtropical Regions (SKAT, 1993, 324 p.)

5. Appendices

5.1 Physical data

The data provided in the following tables are approximate only and serve as a basis for comparing different materials. For exact calculations the properties of the specific material must be considered, which may differ from the data provided here. The data are compiled from various sources.

5.1.1 Density, thermal conductivity, specific heat

PLEASE WIDEN YOUR TEXT SCREEN FOR OPTIMAL VIEW

	Density	Thermal conductivity (k)	Specific heat ( Q )
	kg/m³	W/mK	Wh/kgK
a) Natural stone and earth (moist)
Granite, marble	2800	3.5	0.26
Sandstone, limestone	2600	2.3	0.22
Sand	1700-2000	1.4
Earth	1800	2.1
b) Sand and earth (dry)
Sand, gravel (loose filling)	1800-2000	0.7	0.22
Clay massive (adobe)	1000-2000	0.2-1.0	0.23
c) Concrete
Solid concrete (RCC)	2400	1.8	0.33
Gas concrete	1000-1700	0.3-1.0
d) Plaster
Cement plaster	2200	1.4	0.3
Lime-cement plaster	1800	1.0
Gypsum plaster	1200	0.6	0.26
e) Timber
Softwood	450-500	0.15	0.55-0.66
Hardwood	600-800	0.18-0.22	0.55-0.66
f) Boards
Gypsum	1000	0.40	0.22
Asbestos cement	1700-2000	0.48	0.24
Woodwool, cement bound	700	0.12	0.42
Wood fibre, hard	800	0.17	0.7
Wood fibre, porous	200-400	0.06	0.7
Wood chips	650	0.11	0.75
Plywood	600	0.44	0.75
g) Masonry
Hollow brick	1200	0.47	0.26
Solid brick	1800	0.8	0.26
Cement stone	2000	1.1	0.3
Gas concrete	500-700	0.16-0.21	0.3
h) Insulation materials
Mineral wool, glass wool	20-120	0.04	0.17
Slag wool	30-70	0.06	0.17
Grass board	200-300	0.06	0.17
Coconut matting	50-200	0.05	0.17
Hemp mat	50-200	0.05	0.17
Cork board extruded	110-140	0.04	0.42
Cork coarse	80-160	0.06	0.42
Foamglass	125	0.045	0.22
Perlite with pressed fibre	170-200	0.06	0.17
Polystyrene extruded	20-40	0.04	0.39
i) Various materials
Steel	7850	60	0.13
Copper	9000	348	0.1
Aluminium	2700	200	0.26
Glass	2500	0.81	0.22
Water 10°C	1000	0.58	1.16
Ice	820-920	2.23
Snow 0°C	100	0.05
Air (theoretical case of still air)	1.2	0.02	0.28

5.1.2 Thermal transmittance (U-value), time lag values, solar heat gain factor

a) Homogeneous materials
	Thickness in cm	Time lag (O) hours	Solar heat gain factor (SHF) %
Stone	20	5.5
	30	8
	40	10.5
	60	15.5
Sand	30	13.4
Solid concrete	5	1.1
	10	2.5
	15	3.8	9
	20	5.1
	30	7.8	7
		40	10.2
Solid brick	10	2.3
	20	5.5	10
	30	8.5
	40	12
Stabilized soil, mud	10	2.4
	15	4.0
	20	5.2
	30	8.1
Wood	1.5	0.2
	2.5	0.45
	5	1.3
	10	3.0
	30	17.4
Aluminium sheet (new)		0.5	10
Corrugated galvanized iron sheet (new)		0.5	20
Corrugated galvanized iron sheet (rusty)		0.5	34
Corrugated asbestos cement sheet (ACC)		0.5	16
Insulating board	1.5	0.1
	2.5	0.23
	5	0.77
	10	2.7
	15	5
b) Roof constructions
	Thickness in cm (U) W/m²K	Time lag (O) hours	Solar heat gain factor (SHF) %
Thin sheets without ceiling (Alu, CGI, ACC)	8 - 9	0.5	see above
Alu sheet + cavity+ asbestos sheet	1.9	1	4.5
ceiling ditto + 50 mm fibre glass in cavity	1.3	1	3
Rusty CGI sheet + cavity + thin sheet	1.9	1	8
ceiling ditto + 50 mm fibre glass in cavity	1.3	1	5
Concrete slab, 300 mm	2.5	9.2	7
Concrete slab, 150 mm	3.3	4	9
ditto + 50 mm woodwool slab internally	1.13	4.5	3
ditto + external and internal insulation	0.75	13.5	2
ditto + whitewashed externally	3.3	4	4
ditto + 50 mm woodwool + whitewashed ext.	1.13	4.5	1.5
ditto + ext. and int. insul. + whitewashed ext.	0.75	13.5	1
c) Wall constructions
	Thickness in cm (U) W/m²K	Time lag (O) hours	Solar heat gain factor (SHF) %
Hollow concrete block, 250 mm, rendered on both sides	1.7	11	5
ditto + whitewashed externally	1.7	11	2
Window with single glazing	4	0	85
Open window	-	0	100
Solid brick wall, 230 mm	2.7	8	10
ditto + whitewashed externally	2.7	8	3.5
Brick wall 280 mm incl. 50 mm cavity	1.7	10.5	6
ditto + whitewashed externally	1.7	10.5	2
Corrugated asbestos cement sheet	8	0.5	16
ditto + 50 mm woodwool slab + cavity	1.2	0.5	2.5

5.1.3 Reflectivity and emissivity of main materials

Surface	% Reflectivity of solar radiation (6’000°C)	% Emissivity of thermal radiation (10 to 40°C)
a) Natural materials
Sand, white	59
White marble	54	95
Limestone	43	95
Wood, pine	40	95
Grass	20
Sand, grey	18
b) Concrete and masonry walling
Cream brick	50 - 70	40 - 60
Yellow and buff brick, stone	30 - 50	85 - 95
Concrete	35 - 45
Red brick, stone	25 - 45	85 - 95
Asbestos cement, aged 1 year	29	95
c) Paints
Whitewash	80
White lead paint, light grey	71	89
Light green paint	50	92
Medium grey, yellow	45	92
Aluminium paint	45	55
Dark color ( brown, grey, red)	35	92
Deep dark brown, dark red, dark green	10	92
Black, non-metallic	2 - 15	90 - 98
Black, matt	3	95
d) Metal
Silver polished	93	2
Polished aluminium, chromium	60 - 90	2 - 8
Bright aluminium, gilt, bronze	50 - 70	40 - 60
Polished brass, copper	50 - 70	2 - 5
Dull brass, aluminium	35 - 60	20 - 30
Aluminium anodized	33	92
Galvanized iron, aged (oxidized)	10	28
e) Plaster
White	80	97
Orange	45	97
Light green	40	97
Light brown	35	97
Brown	32	97
Dark brown	17	97
f) Glass
Reflecting glass	50
Clear glass	10	90 - 95

Note:

- The higher the reflectivity of the surface of a material, the less is the heat load received by radiation and, after the heat has been transmitted through the material, the heat load in the interior.

- The higher the emissivity of a surface, the more a building cools down at night.

5.2 Literature

5.2.1 Selected bibliography

1. Alsayyad Nezar, ed. “The Design and Planning of Housing”, College of Environmental Design, University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, 1984

2. Baker N.V., “Passive and Low Energy Building Design for Tropical Island Climates”, Commonwealth Secretariat Publications, London, 1987

3. Brown G.Z., “Sun, Wind, and Light”, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1985

4. Doswald Fritz, “Planen und Bauen in heissen Zonen”, Baufachverlag AG Zrich, Dietikon, 1977

5. Golany Gideon S., ed., “Design for Arid Regions”, van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York, 1983

6. Golany Gideon S., ed., “Urban Planning for Arid Zones”, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1978

7. Hillmann G., Nagel J, Schreck H., “Klimagerechte und Energiesparende Architektur”, Verlag C. F. Mller, Karlsruhe, 1983

8. Koenigsberger O. H., Ingersoll T.G., Mayhew A., Szokolay S.V., “Manual of Tropical Housing and Building, Part 1, Climatic Design", Longman Inc., New York, 1974

9. Konya Allan, “Design Primer for Hot Climates”, The Architectural Press, London, 1980

10. Lechner Norbert, “Heating, Cooling, Lighting”, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1991

11. Lippsmeier Georg, Bearb. Mukerji Kiran, “Tropenbau - Building in the Tropics”, Callwey Verlag, Mnchen, 1980

12. Niles Philip, Haggard Kenneth, “Passive Solar Handbook”, California Energy Commission, Sacramento, 1980.

13. Olgyay Victor, “Design with Climate”, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1963

5.2.2 References

100. Ackerknecht Dieter, “Factors of Change in Islamic / Arab Cities and Approaches to the Preservation of the Architectural Heritage”, in: Proceedings of Conference on "The Preservation of Architectural Heritage of Islamic Cities", Arab Urban Development Institute, Riyadh, 1987

101. Adamson B. et al, “Construction de logements en climat chaud et sec - Une tude mthodologique faisant appel l’energie passive”, LCHS report No 10, Lund University, Lund, 1983

102. Alp Ahmet, “Vernacular Climate Control in Desert Architecture”, in: Washburn Brooks, ed., “Contemporary and Traditional Arabian Design, Review 1987”, College of Environmental Design, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, 1987.

103. Archibook, ed., “Architektur und Energie”, Solar 4, Amerika Haus, Berlin, 1981

104. Ba-Cohen Avram, “Space Cooling and Thermal Control by Skyward Radiation”, in: Golany Gideon, ed., “Arid Zone Settlement Planning”, Pergamon Press, New York 1979.

105. Bahadori M. N., “Natural Cooling in Hot Arid Regions”, in: Sayish A. A. M., ed., Solar Energy Application in Buildings, Academic Press Inc., New York, 1979.

106. Beckman Richard, “Contemporary Applications of Passive Solar Technology in Housing: The Traditional Context”, in: Alsayyad Nezar, ed., “The Design and Planning of Housing”, College of Environmental Design, University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, 1984.

107. Bianca Stefano, “Architektur und Lebensform im Islamischen Staatswesen”, Artemis Verlag, Mnchen, 1975

108. Binz Armin, “Energiebewusstes Bauen mit dem Klima und der Sonne”, Schweizerische Energie - Stiftung, Zrich, 1988

109. Bowen A., Eugene C., Kenneth L., “Passive Cooling, Proceedings of the International Passive and Hybrid Cooling Conference”, American Solar Energy Society, 1981

110. Burgess Hugh and Mumma Stanley A., “Integrated Architectural and Mechanical Design for the Arizona State University Energy Efficient House and Laboratory”, in: Proceedings of 1979 Western Conference/ACSA, Host Institution, Arizona State University, Tempe Arizona.

111. Cain A., Afshar F, Norton J., Daraie MR., “Traditional Cooling Systems in the Third World”, The Ecologist Vol. 6, No 2, Feb. 1976.

112. Clark Kenneth N, Paylore Patricia, ed., “Desert Housing”, The University of Arizona, Office of Arid Lands Studies, Tuscon, 1980

113. Competition for the design of residential commercial complexes in Abu Dhabi, “Madinat Zayed , An Islamic City”, Technical Report, Abu Dhabi, 1982

114. Dakhil F. H., Ural O., Tewfik M, F., eds., “Housing Problems in Developing Countries”, Vols. I and II, Proceedings of IHAS International Conference at the University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, 1978

115. Department of Planning and Housing in the Third World, “Institutional Buildings in the Third World”, Examples from Mozambique, School of Architecture, Aarhus, 1984

116. Dethier Jean, ed., “Down to Earth, Adobe Architecture”, Facts on File Inc., New York, 1982

117. Egli Ernst, “Climate and Town Districts, Consequences and Demands”, Verlag fr Architektur, Erlenbach, Zrich, 1951

118. Eichler Friedrich, Arndt Horst, “Bautechnischer Wrme- und Feuchtigkeitsschutz”, Verlag fr Bauwesen, Berlin, 1989

119. Erat Bruno, “Manual Passive Solar Energy in Bhutan”, HABITAT, Thimphu, 1985

120. Evans M., “Housing, Climate and Comfort”, Architectural Press, London, 1980

121. Fanger P. O., in: "Energy and Building" 3/1985

122. Fathy Hassan , “Architecture for the Poor”, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1973

123. Fathy Hassan , “Natural Energy and Vernacular Architecture: Principles and Examples with Reference to Hot-Arid Climates”, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago and London, 1986

124. Gabriel Paul, “Housing Design in Desert Regions”, in: Alsayyad Nazar, ed., “The Design and Planning of Housing”, College of Environmental Design, University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, 1984, p. 54 - 65

125. Germeraad Pieter W., “Open Space in Human Settlements: The Lesson from the Islamic Tradition”, Landbouwuniversiteit Wageningen, 1990

126. Gibbs Phillip, “Building a Malay House”, Oxford University Press, Singapore, 1987

127. Givoni B., “Man, Climate and Architecture”, Applied Science Publishers Ltd., London, 1969

128. Golany Gideon S., “Earth-Sheltered Habitat: History, Architecture and Urban Design”, Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York, 1983

129. Golany Gideon S., ed., “Desert Planning”, The Architectural Press, London, 1982

130. Golany Gideon S., ed., “Housing in Arid Lands”, The Architectural Press, London, 1980

131. Golany Gideon S., “Planning Urban Sites in Arid Zones: The Basic Considerations”, in: Golany Gideon, ed., “Urban Planning for Arid Zones”, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1978.

132. Grandjean Etienne, “Ergonomics of the Home”, Taylor & Francis Ltd., London, 1973

133. Grondzik Walter T., “Environmental Control In Arabian Buildings”, in: Washburn Brooks, ed., “Contemporary and Traditional Arabian Design, Review 1985”, College of Environmental Design, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, 1987.

134. Grunlow J., “Luftaustausch in der Grossstadt”, VDi-Zeitschrift 8011, 1936

135. Gut Paul, “Architecture in the National Parks of Nepal”, National Parks and Wildlife Conservation Department, Kathmandu, 1980

136. HABITAT and CSC, “Passive Solar Architecture Report of the Training Workshop”, London and Nairobi, 1983

137. Hauri H.H., Zrcher Ch., “Moderne Bauphysik”, Verlag der Fachvereine, Zrich, 1984

138. Hay Harald, “The Skytherm Roof Pond”, in: Hillmann G., Nagel J, Schreck H., “Klimagerechte und Energiesparende Architektur”, Verlag C. F. Mller, Karlsruhe, 1983

139. Hopman Fred, “Basic Principles of Passive Solar Building Design”, Kathmandu, 1978

140. Institut fr Stdtebau, ed., “Stadtplanung in der 3. Welt”, Seminarbericht, Lehrstuhl und Institut fr Stdtebau, Wohnungswesen und Landesplanung, Technische Universitt, Braunschweig, 1979

141. Kaizer Talib, “Shelter in Saudi Arabia”, Academy Editions, St. Martin's Press, London, 1984

142. Kleinert Christian, “Haus- und Siedlungsformen im Nepal Himalaya unter Bercksichtigung klimatischer Faktoren”, Hochgebirgsforschung Vol. 4, Mnchen, 1973

143. Knowles Ralph L., “Sun Rhythm Form”, The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, London, 1981

144. Koenigsberger O. H., Lynn R., “Roofs in the Warm Humid Tropics”, Lund Humphries, London, 1965

145. Kriken John Lund, “Town Planning and Cultural and Climatic Responsiveness in the Middle East”, in: Golany Gideon, ed., “Design for Arid Regions”, van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York, 1983, p. 97 - 120

146. Krusche P. and M., Althaus D., Gabriel I., “Oekologisches Bauen”, Umweltbundesamt, Bauverlag GmbH, Wiesbaden and Berlin, 1982

147. Kuhn Michael, “An Architect’s Experience at the Dead Sea” in: Golany Gideon, ed., “Arid Zone Settlement Planning”, Pergamon Press, New York, 1979, p. 87 - 109

148. Labs K., “Terra Types: Underground Housing for Arid Zones”, in: Golany G., ed., "Housing in Arid Lands", The Architectural Press, London, 1980

149. Lewcock Ronald, “Traditional Architecture in Kuwait and the Northern Gulf”, Art and Archeology Research Papers (aarp), London 1978

150. Mayer E., “Thermische Behaglichkeit in Rumen, neue Beurteilung und Messmglichkeiten”, Manuscript, Zrich.

151. Mazria Edward, “The Passive Solar Energy Book”, Rodale Press, Emmaus Penn., 1978

152. Nazer M. O. ed., “Proceedings of the Second Saudi Engineers Conference”, University of Petroleums & Minerals, Dhahran, 1985

153. Pandean T. P., “Klimaangepasster Wohnungsbau in Indonesien”, Fachbereich Architektur, Universitt Hannover, 1983

154. Rapoport Amos, “House Form and Culture”, Englewood Cliffs, Prentice-Hall International Inc., London, 1969

155. Roaf Susan, “Windcatchers of the Middle East”, in: Germen Aydin, ed., “Islamic Architecture and Urbanism”, Symposium Proceedings, College of Architecture and Planning, King Faisal University, Dammam, 1983.

156. Rosenlund Hans, “Design of Energy Efficient Houses in a Hot and Arid Climate”, LCHS, Lund University, Lund, 1989

157. Rosenlund Hans, Ouahrani Djamel, “Experimental Building Ghardaia, Evaluation of climate measurements”, LCHS, Lund University, Lund, and CNERIB, Algeria, 1988

158. Sagelsdorff Ralph, Frank Thomas, “Wrmeschutz und Energie im Hochbau”, Schweizerische Ziegelindustrie, Zrich, 1990

159. Sanjay Prakash, “Solar Architecture & Earth Construction in the Northwest Himalaya”, Development Alternatives, Har-Anand Publications, New Delhi 1991

160. Sanjay Prakash, “The Headquarters Building”, Architecture + Design, Vol V, No 6, p. 80 - 89, New Delhi, Sept.-Oct. 1989

161. Stulz Roland, “Elements of Solar Architecture”, SKAT, St Gallen, 1980

162. Stulz Roland, Mukerji Kiran, “Appropriate Building Materials”, SKAT, St. Gallen, 1988

163. Suter P., “Haustechnik in der integralen Planung”, Impulsprogramm Haustechnik, EDMZ, Bern, 1986

164. Ullah M.B., Al-Harari W. and Benson H.R., “An Analysis of Climatic Variables for Thermal Design of Buildings in Dhahran”, Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, Vol 7, No 2, 1982.

165. Washburn Brooks ed., “Contemporary and Traditional Arabian Design, Review 1987”, College of Environmental Design, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, 1987

166. Winterhalter C.P., “Environmental Control in the Indigenous Architecture of the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia”, in: “The Journal of Science and Engineering”, Vol 7, No 2, 1982.

5.3 Solar ecliptic charts

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5.4 Conversion factors to SI units

Various units Imperial units Obsolescent units etc.	Conversion factors	Metric/Siunits
a) Length
Units: inch(in)	1 in = 25.4 mm	Units: millimetre(mm)
foot(ft)	1 ft = 30.48 cm	centimetre(cm)
yard (yd)	1 yd = 91.44 cm	metre (m)
mile(mile)	1 mile = 1.6093 km	kilometre(km)
12 in = 1 ft		10 mm = 1 cm
3 ft = 1 yd		100 cm = 1 m
1760yd = 1 mile		1000 m = 1 km
b) Area
Units: square in (sq in;in²)	1 in² = 6.4516 cm2	Units: square mm (mm²)
square ft (sq ft; ft²)	1 ft² = 0.0929 m²	square cm (cm²)
square yd (sq yd; yd2)	1 yd² = 0.8361 m²	square m (m²)
acre	1 acre = 4046.86 m²	hectare (ha)
square mile (sq mire)	1 mile² = 2.59 km²	square km (km²)
144 in² = 1 ft²		100 mm² = 1 cm²
9 ft² = 1 yd2		10000 cm² = 1 m²
4840 yd2 = 1 acre		10000 m² = 1 ha
640 acre = 1 sq mile		100 ha = 1 km²
c) Volume
Units: cubic in(cu in; in³)	1 in³ = 16.3871 cm³	Units: cubic cm(cm³)
cubic ft (cu ft; ft³)	1 ft³ = 28.32 dm³	cubic decimetre (dm³)
cubic yd (cu yd; yd³)	1 yd³ = 0.7646 m³	cubic m (m³)
1728 in³ = 1 ft³		1000 cm³ = 1 dm³
27 ft³ = 1 yd³		1000 dm³ = 1 m³
100 ft³ = 1 register ton
d) Capacity / volume of liquids and gases
Units: fluid ounce(floz)	1 floz (UK) = 28.4 ml	Units: millilitre (ml)
gill (UKgill)	1 gill (UK) = 142 ml	cubic cm (cm³, ccm, cc)
gill (USgill)	1 gill (US) = 118.3 ml	cubic dm (dm³)
pint (UK pt)	1 pint (UK) = 568 ml	litre (l)
pint(USpt)	1 pint(US) = 454 ml	kilo litre (kl)
quart (UK qt)	1 qt (UK) = 1136 ml	cubic m (m³)
quart (US qt)	1 qt (US) = 909	ml
gallon(UK gel)	1 gal (UK) = 4.546 l
gallon (US gal)	1 gal (US) = 3.785 l
barrel	1 barrel = 158.9 l
5 floz = 1 UK gill		1 ml = 1 cm³
4 floz = 1 US gill		1000 nil = 1 l
4gill = 1 pt (UK, US)		1 l = 1 dm³
2pt = 1 qt (UK, US)		1000 l = 1 kl = 1 m³
4 qt = 1 gal (UK, US)
1 UK gal= 1.2 US gal
e) Weight
Units: ounce(oz)	1 oz = 28.35 g	Units: milligram(mg)
pound(lb)	1 lb = 0.454kg	gram (g)
stone (stone)	1 stone = 6.35 kg	kilogram(kg)
hundred weight (cwt)	1 cwt = 50.8 kg	ton(t)
long ton (UK ton)	1 Ukton = 1.016 t
short ton (US ton)	1 Uston = 0.907 t
16 oz = 1 lb	1000 ml = 1 g
14 lb = 1 stone	1000 g = 1 kg
8 stone = 1 cwt	1000 kg = 1 t
112 lb = 14 stone = 1 UK ton
100 lb = 1 US ton
f) Density
Units: lb/cu ft (lb/ft3)	1 lb/ft3 = 16.02 kg/m³	Unit: kg/m³
lb/UK gal	1 lb/UK gal= 100 kg/m³
lb/US gal	1 lb/US gal= 120 kg/m³
g) Force
Units: lbf	1 lbf = 4.448 N	Units: newton (N) [kgm/s²]
tonf	1 tonf = 9.964 kN	kilonewton (kN)
h) Pressure
Units: lbf/in² (psi)	1 psi = 6895 Pa	Units: pascal (Pa)
tonf/ft² (UK)	1 tonf/ft2 = 107 kPa	kilopascal (kPa)
	1 tonf/ft² = 0.107 Mpa	megapascal (MPa)
		newton/mm² (N/mm²)
		bar (bar)
		1 Pa= 1 N/m²
		1 kPa= 1000 N/m²
		1 bar= 0.1 N/mm²
i) Energy, work, heat
Units: British thermal unit (Btu)	1 Btu = 1055 J	Units: joule (J) [kgm²/s²]
calorie (cal)	1 cal = 4.186 J	kilojoule (kJ)
	1 cal = 0.000293 kWh	kilowatt hour (kWh)
barrel (crude oil)	1 barrel = 1700 kWh	watt second (Ws)
		newton metre (Nm)
		pascal cubicmetre (Pam³)
		1 J = 1 Nm = 1 Ws = 1 Pam³
		1 kWh = 3600 kJ
k) Power, energy flow rate
Units: Btu/h	1 Btu/h = 0.293 W	Units: watt (W) [kgm²/s³]
ftlbf/s	1 ftlb/s = 1.356 W	joules/second (J/s)
horsepower (hp)	1 hp = 736 W	hp metric
550 ftlbf/s = 1 hp		1 W = 1 J/s
2545 Btu/h = 1 hp		735.5 W = 1 hp metric
l) Thermal conductivity (k)
Units: Btu/ft2h°F	1 Btu/ft2h°F = 0.144 WmK	Unit: W/mK
kcal/mh°C1	kcal/mh°C = 1.163 W/mK
0.124 kcal/mh°C = 1 Btu/ft2h°F
m) Thermal transmittance (U)
Units: Btu/ft2h°F	1 Btu/ft2h°F = 5.678 W/m²K	Unit: W/m²K
kcal/m²h°C	1 kcal/m²h°C = 1.163 W/m²K
n) Density of energy flow rate, intensity
Units: Btu/ft2h	1 Btu/ft2h = 3.155 W/m²	Unit: W/m²
kcal/m²h	1 kcal/m²h = 1.163 W/m²	langley/h
langley/h	1 langley/h = 11.63 W/m²
o) Thermal capacity
Units: Btu/°F	1 Btu/°F = 1899 J/K	Unit: J/K
kcal/°C	1 kcal/°C= 4187 J/K
p) Specific heat
Units: Btu/lb °F	1 Btu/lb °F = 4.187 J/kgK	Units: J/kgK
Btu/ft³ °F	1 Btu/ft3 °F = 67 kJ/m³	KJ/m³K
kcal/kg °C	1 kcal/kg °C = 4.187 kJ/kgK
kcal/m³ °C	1 kcal/m³ °C= 4.187 kJ/m³ K
kcal/l °C	1 kcal/l °C= 4.187 MJ/m³ K
	Density x specific heat (J/kgK) = specific heat (J/m³ K)
q) Velocity
Units: ft/s	1 ft/s = 0.305 m/s	Units: m/s
miles/h (mph)	1 mph =1.609 km/h	km/h
knot (kn)	1 kn = 1.85 km/h
	= 0.51 m/s
		1 m/s= 3.6 km/h
r) Temperature
Unit: degree Fahrenheit (°F)	1 °F = 0.5556°C	Units: degree Celsius or Centigrade (°C)
	1 °F = 0.5556 K	Kelvin (K)
		1 K = 1°C
		K = °C + 273
		0°C = water freezing point *
		100°C = water boiling point *
		(* at air pressure of 101 kPa)

Conversion of temperature level °F - °C:

°F = 9/5 x °C + 32
°C = 5/9 ( °F - 32 )

Fahrenheit	Celsius
212 °F =	100 °C
194 °F =	90 °C
176 °F =	80 °C
158 °F =	70 °C
140 °F =	60 °C
122 °F =	50 °C
104 °F =	40 °C
80 °F =	30 °C
68 °F =	20 °C
50 °F =	10 °C
32 °F =	0 °C
14 °F =	- 10 °C
- 4 °F =	- 20 °C
- 22 °F =	- 30 °C
- 40 °F =	- 40 °C

5.5 List of possible plant species

Source:Kaiser Talib [-++-]

Scientific Name	Common Name	Characteristics / Uses
a) Shading trees, windbreaks
Acacia seyal	Acacia	Thorny tree, soil binder for rocky sandy soil
Albizzia julibrissin	Siris	Rapid growth, shade, timber-yielding
Casuarina equisetifolia	She-oak	Evergreen, ideal windbreak, salt tolerant
Eucalyptus camaldulensis	River	Red-GumTall evergreen windbreak, soil binder
Eucalyptus citriodora	Lemon-scented gum	Evergreen, multi-trunk, windbreak
Ficus bengalensis	Banyan tree	Excellent shade, dust control, windbreak
Ficus altissima	Pipal	Deciduous, compact crown, cool shade, dangerous roots for buildings
Melia azedarach	China-berry	Deciduous, cool shade, dust erosion control
Prosopis juliflora	Mesquite	Small deciduous tree, deep-rooted soil binder
Tamarix aphylla	Tamarisk	Evergreen, excellent soil binder, salt resistant
b) Ornamental shrub-trees
Caesalpinia pulcherima	Barbados pride	Spiny shrub, screen, erosion control
Lawsonia inermis	Henna	Evergreen, soil binder, wind and salt resistant
Ficus nitida	Ficus	Evergreen, crown compact, windbreak
Hibiscus rosa sinensis	China rose	Erosion control, drought tolerant, ornamental
Moringa peregrina	Drumstick	Deciduous, soil binder, erosion control
Nerium oleander	Common oleander	Excellent screen, hedge, windbreak
Parkinsonia aculeata	Jerusalem Thorn	Evergreen, drought resistant, soil binder
Plumeria rubra	Frangipani	Succulent shrub, light shade, erosion control
Terrminalia catappa	Indian almond	Deciduous, soil binder, dust control
Thevetia nerifolia	Yellow oleander	Poisonous, soil binder, heat tolerant
c) Palms
Phoenix dactylifera	Date palm	Evergreen, erosion, dust and glare control
Phoenix canariensis	Canary Island palm	Dwarf form, erosion and reflection control
Washingtonia filifera	Washingtonia palm	Dust control, avenue tree, slow grower
Washington robusta	Washingtonia palm	Dust control, avenue tree, slow grower
d) Ground covers
Asparagus sprengeri	Asparagus	Evergreen creeper, soil binder, glare control
Bougainvillea spectabilis	Bougainvillea	Thorny timber, erosion & reflection control
Carissa grandiflora	Natal plum	Excellent erosion control, moisture retainer
Clerodendron inerme	False jasmine	Ideal hedge, slope stabilizer etc.
Dodonaea viscosalinn	Clammy hopseed	Woody shrub, ideal hedge, windbreak
Ipomoea pescaprae	Morning glory	Trailing vine, ideal soil binder, ground cover
Jasminum azoricum	Azores jasmine	Shrubby twiner, reflection and heat control
Ocimum basilicum	Sweet basil	Aromatic, ideal for erosion control
e) Cacti / succulents
Agave americana	Century plant	Ideal slope stabilizer for sandy soil
Americana marginata	Caribbean Aloe	Rock plant, checks glare & erosion
Aloe vera	Aloe	Medicinal, noise and erosion control
Mesembryanthemum sp.	Ice plant	Excellent ground cover, natural desalinator
Opuntia fiscus indica	Prickly pear	Thornless cactus, slope stabilizer, fruit edible