Small-Scale Brickmaking (ILO - WEP, 1984, 228 p.) APPENDICES APPENDIX I - Glossary of technical terms APPENDIX II - Bibliographical references APPENDIX III - Institutes from where information can be obtained APPENDIX IV - List of equipment suppliers

Small-Scale Brickmaking (ILO - WEP, 1984, 228 p.)

APPENDICES

APPENDIX I - Glossary of technical terms

Adobe	Mud brick; hand made, dried in the sun, not fired.
Alluvial material	Clay, sand or mud laid down by the flooding of a river.
Arris	The edge where two clay faces meet.
Auger	Tool for boring a hole in the ground or taking a sample of the soil; it has a screw-like action. Also a machine which forces clay through an aperture by means of a screw thread rotating inside a barrel containing the clay.
Bag wall	The brick wall built around the back of each of the fires of a downdraught kiln.
Batter	To slope the face of an embankment or quarry; opposite of overhand.
Bed face	The underneath surface of a brick as laid in a wall, usually the largest face; the face of a brick bedded in the mortar.
Benching	Method of winning clay from the pit simultaneously at several different levels, by working at several benches or steps.
Binder	The material which binds together separate particles; for example, cement and lime, used to make mortars, are binders.
Blade	A thin section of brick across the whole width of a kiln.
Bloating	Creation of gas bubbles within the near-vitrified clay in the kiln, causing blisters and craking on brick surfaces.
Block	A building unit larger than a brick, usually requiring two hands to lift it.
Body	The material after processing.
Bond	The pattern of arrangement of bricks in a wall, usually such that vertical joints between bricks are not immediately above each other in adjoining courses.
Brick	A unit from which walls may be built and which is of such size and weight that it can be laid with one hand allowing the other hand to be used for operating with a trowel.
Bulking of sand	A given weight of sand will have various volumes, depending upon the water content.
Bull’s trench kiln	An archless continuous kiln based on the principle of the Hoffmann kiln.
Burning	Firing. In the case of bricks, burning them changes the nature of the clay from which they have been shaped, increasing their strength and durability.
Calcium silicate	A generally durable compound formed when lime reacts with silica, as for example during the high pressure and high temperature methods of treating lime and silica sand to make calcium silicate bricks.
Centring	Wooden or other formwork built up to support a brick arch while the mortar sets.
Clamp	Large pile of green bricks with fuel between those in the bottom courses, which is set on fire to burn the bricks. Sometimes, this term is also used to describe a similar pile but with the fuel placed in tunnels through the lower courses of the pile.
Continuous kiln	A kiln in which the fire is always burning, bricks being warmed, fired, and cooled simultaneously in different parts of the kiln.
Coppicing	The annual cutting of wood from trees, which therefore do not grow to full size, yet continue to provide useful materials such as fuel.
Course	A horizontal layer of bricks.
Cuckhold	A concave-bladed spade for cutting off lumps of prepared clay.
Cuckle	A curved metal strip with two handles for cutting off a piece of clay from a large lump.
Dip	The slope of a clay deposit compared with the horizontal.
Docking	Immersing fired bricks in water for a short while so that a thin outer skin is thoroughly wetted. Claimed by several authorities to reduce the incidence of lime blowing.
Downdraught kiln	A kiln in which hot gases pass down between the bricks which are being fired.
Ettringite	A compound formed from sulphates and calcium aluminate; if it is formed after the mortar between the bricks is well set, it may cause softening and expansion of the mortar joints.
Eye	The point near the base of a clamp where the fire is first lit.
Fair-faced brickwork	Brick walling of an acceptable standard of appearance and quality, without rendering or plastering.
Fat soil	Highly plastic soil; usually a clay rich soil with high drying shrinkage.
Firing	Heating in a kiln to partially vitrify (see burning).
Flash	A silver of clay on the arris of a brick, formed in the crack or air inlet in the mould.
Flash wall	A long wall behind the fires on one side of a down-draught kiln, serving to deflect the hot gases upward.
Flux	A mineral in the clay which reduces the temperature required to obtain vitrification.
Frog	Indentation in one or sometimes both of the bed faces of a brick. A frog cannot be put into an extruded, wirecut brick, but is easily formed in moulded or pressed bricks.
Ghol	Clay washing tank (Indian).
Green brick	Brick formed into shape but not yet fired.
Grog	Fired clay, often reject bricks, crushed to a fine size, for addition to the clay body. Such material reduces shrinkage and opens the body.
Habla kiln	An archless zigzag continuous kiln, based on the Hoffmann kiln.
Hard fired bricks	Bricks fired to a relatively high temperature, producing a moderate amount of vitrification and consequent good strength and durability.
Header	The small end of a brick showing in the face of brickwork.
Heat work	The combination of temperature and time and its effect on ceramic reactions.
Hoffmann kiln	A brick-arched continuous kiln, circular or elliptical, in which waste heat is used to preheat both the combustion air and the bricks, so increasing fuel efficiency.
Hydraulic lime	A lime which will set under water. This is due to certain siliceous impurities which react with the lime itself. Non-hydraulic limes harden only by carbonation caused by carbon dioxide in the air.
Igneous rocks	Rocks of volcanic origin; rocks which were molten at one time.
Intermittent kiln	A kiln in which the fire is allowed to die out and the bricks to cool after they have been fired. The kiln must be emptied, refilled and a new fire started for each load of bricks.
Lean soil	Low plasticity soil, usually due to lack of the finer sizes of clay fractions. In contrast to fat soil.
Leather-hard bricks	Bricks which have partly dried so that they can be picked up without distorting them.
Loam	Sandy clay often suitable for shaping into bricks, and having a low drying shrinkage.
Marl	Natural mixture of clay and chalk.
Open the clay body	To increase the permeability to gases of a ceramic body.
Overburden	The material lying on top of a natural deposit of brick clay.
Oxidising	Conditions of surroundings in which oxygen is freely available.
PCE	Abbreviation for pyrometric cone equivalent.
Perpends	The visible vertical joints between bricks in a wall.
Plastic material	Material able to be deformed by moderate pressure and retaining the deformed shape when the pressure is removed.
Plasticity	Possessing the property of being plastic.
Profile	A section taken through the various strata of a soil.
Puddle	To mix up dry soil or lime with water, usually manually.
Pyrometric cone	A small clay-based cone which will squat after undergoing a certain amount of heat work.
Reducing	Conditions of surroundings in which little or no oxygen is available.
Refractory	Heat-resisting.
Render	To cover an exterior wall surface with a cement-lime based mix.
Ring	The high-pitched metallic sound obtained when two well-fired bricks are struck against each other.
Runner	Person who carries slopmoulded bricks in mould to the drying ground.
Scove	To cover over with mud. The name of the scove kiln originates from the practice of scoving the outside bricks in order to stop the heat from escaping from the pile of bricks being fired.
Sesquioxides	The oxides of aluminium and iron.
Shale	Soft laminated slate-like rock, harder than most clays.
Short material	Lacking plasticity, lean.
Siliceous	Having a high proportion of silica.
Slake	To fall apart when immersed in water.
Slip	A thin slurry of clay in water; very wet and runny mix of clay.
Soak stage	Period during which bricks are kept at a fixed elevated temperature in a kiln. Also immersion of bricks in water.
Soft-fired bricks	Bricks heated in a kiln to a relatively low temperature; bricks so treated do not exhibit optimal physical properties.
Solar gain	Heat obtained from the sun.
Sour	Leave clay in contact with water for a long period.
Spall	Flake away from the surface.
Specific surface area	The total area of either the many fine particles or the many fine pores in a solid within a standard weight of the material.
Squat	The deformation of a clay near its vitrification point, especially the deformation of a pyrometric cone.
Strain	A measure of the change in size compared to the original size.
Strata	The various layers in a sedimentary deposit.
Stress	A measure of the force applied to produce strain in an object
Stretcher	The long face of a brick (not the bed face) showing in a wall.
Strike	The direction in a clay deposit in which the clay is at the same depth. Also a piece of wood for pushing off excess clay in slop moulding.
Striker	Piece of wood for pushing off excess clay in slop moulding.
Sump	A depression into which water may be drained off, or wastes deposited.
Surkhi	Soft-fired clay, ground up, for mixing with lime to make mortar (Indian).
Temper	Leave in wet condition, often overnight or longer to make clay more workable and easier to mould.
Terracing	Benching.
Thermal capacity	A measure of the quantity of heat which an object can hold; high values in building components reduce temperature extremes within the building.
Tunnel kiln	Closed kiln or dryer through which the bricks are carried on wheeled cars.
Updraught kiln	A kiln in which the hot combustion gases pass upward through the bricks which are being fired.
Water-smoking	The first stages of heating in a kiln during which only a gentle heat is applied to remove remaining water from the green bricks.
Wicket	The doorway for access into a kiln. It is bricked up temporarily whilst the bricks are being fired.
Winning	Obtaining raw material from a deposit.
Worked out	Description applied to a deposit which has been completely dug.

APPENDIX II - Bibliographical references

(1) Habitat: Global review of housing, conference on Human Settlements, Doc. No. A/CONF/70/A1 (Vancouver, 1976).

(2) United Nations Commission on Human Settlements: Report on Fifth Session, Habitat News (Nairobi), Vol. 4, No. 2, Aug.-Sep. 1982, p. 10.

(3) Sikander, A.S.; Quadeer, M.A.: “Squatter settlements - A functional view”, in Vol. 2 of the Proceedings of a conference of the International Association for Housing Science held in Dharan in 1978, (New York, Wiley and Sons, 1982), pp. 437-446.

(4) UNIDO: Development of clay building materials industries in developing countries, report of seminar held in Copenhagen, Doc. No. ID/28 (Vienna, 1968).

(5) UNIDO: Establishment of the brick and tile industry, Doc. No. ID/15 (Vienna, 1969).

(6) UNIDO: Brickmaking plant. Industry profile. Development and transfer of technology series No. 10 (New York, 1978).

(7) Bender, W.: The planning of brickworks (Plymouth, Macdonald and Evans, 1978).

(8) Searle, A.B.: Modern brickmaking (London, Ernest Benn, 1956).

(9) UNIDO: Clay building materials industries in Africa, report of a workshop held in Tunis in 1970 (Vienna, 1971).

(10) Parry, J.P.M.: Brickmaking in developing countries (Garston, Watford, British Research Institute, 1979).

(11) Lunt, M.G.: Stabilised soil blocks for buildings. Overseas Building Note No. 184 (Garston, British Research Institute, 1980).

(12) Smith, R.G.: “Small-scale production of gypsum plaster for building in the Cape Verde Islands” in Appropriate Technology (London, Intermediate Technology Development Group) 1982, Vol. 8, No. 4, pp. 4-6.

(13) Smith, R.G.: Long-term unrestrained expansion of test bricks in Transactions of the British Ceramic Society (London), 1973, Vol. 72, No. 1, pp. 1-5.,.

(14) British Research Institute: “Materials for concrete” in Digest No. 237 (Garston, Watford), 1980, p. 237.

(15) British Research Institute: “Repairing brickworks” in Digest No. 200 (Garston), 1981, p. 2.

(16) Schumacher, E.F.: Small is beautiful: A study of economics as if people mattered (London, Blond and Briggs, 1973).

(17) Grimshaw, R.W.: The chemistry and physics of clay, (London, Ernest Benn, 1971).

(18) British Standards Institution: Methods of test for soils for engineering purposes Doc. No. BS1377 (London, 1975).

(19) Doat, P.; Hay, A.; Houben, H.; Matuk, S.; and Vitoux, F.: Construire en terre (Paris, Collection An-Architecture, 1979).

(20) Stulz, R.: Appropriate building materials. Publication No. 12 (St. Gall, Swiss Centre for Appropriate Technology 1981).

(21) Department of Housing and Urban Development, Office of International Affairs: Handbook for building houses of earth, (Washington, DC, n.d.).

(22) Knizek, I.: Brickmaking plant. Industry profile. Development and transfer of technology series No. 10 (New York, UNIDO, 1978).

(23) Butterworth, B.: Methods of assessing the suitability of clays for brickmaking (London, Claycraft, 1947).

(24) Clews, F.H.: Heavy clay technology, (Stoke-on-Trent, British Ceramic Research Association, 1969).

(25) West, H.W.H.: Production technology - Winning, preparation and shaping of clay, Doc. No. ID/WG/81/4 (New York, UNIDO, 1970).

(26) Smith, R.G.: Brickmaking by Malagasy artisans and the establishment of a pilot centre (Geneva, ILO, 1980).

(27) Sedalia, B.M.: Structural clay industry (Bandung, United Nations Regional Housing Centre, 1976).

(28) Svare, T.I.: Better burnt bricks, technical pamphlet No. 1 (Dar-es-Salaam, National Housing and Building Research Unit, 1971).

(29) Harley, G.T.: “A study of shovelling” in Transactions of the British Ceramics Society (Stoke-on-Trent), 1932, Vol. 31, No. 1, pp. 1-35.

(30) Chatterjee, A.K.: “Clay preparation and product manufacture”, in Small - Scale Building and Road Research News (Khumasi), 1977, Vol. 2, No. 2.

(31) Srinivasan S. and Jain L.C.: “Lime bursting in bricks” in Digest No. 113 (Roorke, India, Central Building Research Institute, 1975).

(32) Amonoo-Neizer, K.: Asokwa brick project, Special. Report No. SR 1/73 (Kumasi, Ghana, Building and Road Research Institute, 1973).

(33) Woodforde, J.: Bricks to build a house (London, Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1976).

(34) Hammond, M.: Bricks and brickmaking (Princes Risborough, United Kingdom, Shirs Publications, 1981).

(35) Prakash, S.; Majundar, N.C.: “Manufacture of bricks of improved quality in Bhopal”, in Journal of Engineers and Planners (New Delhi), 1974, Vol. 2, Nos. 8 & 9, pp. 27-30.

(36) Indian Standards Institution: Specification for burnt clay facing bricks, Doc. No. IS 2691-1972 (New Delhi, 1972).

(37) British Standards Institution: Specification for clay bricks and blocks, Doc. No. IS No. 3921-1974 (London, 1974).

(38) Majumdar, N.C.; Wadhwa, S.S.; Hiralal, E.S.: “Manufacture of building bricks by a semi-mechanised process”, in Transactions of the Indian Ceramics Society (New Delhi), 1969, Vol. XXVIII, No. 4, pp. 121-128.

(39) Majumdar, N.C.; Hiralal, E.S.; Handa, S.K.: An appropriate technology for mechanised production of building bricks. Proceedings of a national seminar on building materials - their science and technology (New Delhi, 1982).

(40) Thomas, D.W.: Small-scale manufacture of burned building brick (Arlington, Virginia, Volunteers in Technical Assistance, 1977).

(41) Smith, R.G.: “Improved moulding devices for hand-made bricks”, in Appropriate Technology (London, Intermediate Technology Publications), 1981 Vol. 7, No. 4.

(42) Weller, H.O.; Campbell, A.J.: Brickmaking in East Africa (Nairobi, East African Industrial Research Board, 1945).

(43) Baily, M.A.: “Brick manufacturing in Colombia: A case study of alternative technologies”, in World Development (London, Pergamon Press), 1981, pp. 201-213.

(44) Ford, R.W.: Drying, Institute of Ceramics Textbook series No. 3 (London, Maclaren, 1974).

(45) Macey, H.H.: Drying in the heavy clay industry, National Brick Advisory Council Paper No. 3 (London, Her Majesty Stationary Office, 1950).

(46) Small Industries Development Organisation: Burnt clay brickmaking, Rural Industries Guide No. 4 (Dar-es-Salaam, n.d.).

(47) Schmidt, H.: “Measures to counteract defects in bricks during firing in Ziegelindustrie International, Issue No. 3, Mar. 1980, pp. 153-162.

(48) Noble, W.: The firing of common bricks, National Brick Advisory Council Paper No. 4 (London, Her Majesty Stationary Office, 1950).

(49) Jain, L.C.: “Effect of sodium chloride on the prevention of lime blowing” in Indian Ceramics (New Delhi), Mar. 1980, Vol. 17, No. 7, pp. 262-266.

(50) Laird, R.T.; Worcester, M.: “The inhibiting of lime blowing in bricks” in Transactions of the British Ceramic Society, 1956, Vol. 55, No. 8.

(51) Spence, R.J.S.: An investigation of the properties of rural and urban bricks, Paper No. TR9 (Lusaka, National Council for Scientific Research, 1971).

(52) Gundry, D.G.: “Brickmaking on the farm” in Rhodesia Agricultural Journal (Harare), 1951, Vol. XLVIII, No. 4, pp. 330-343.

(53) Hill, N.R.: “A clamp can be appropriate for the burning of bricks”, in Appropriate Technology, 1980, Vol. 7, No. 1,.

(54) Majumdar, N.C.: “Firing of Bull’s Trench kilns”, in Indian Builder, Sep. 1957.

(55) Indian Standard Institution: Guide for the design and manufacture of brick kilns, Doc. No. IS 4805-1968 (New Delhi, 1968).

(56) Spence, R.J.S.: “Brick manufacture using the bull’s trench kiln”, in Appropriate Technology, 1975, Vol. 2, No. 1.

(57) “New archless continuous kiln”, in British Clayworker (London), May 1929.

(58) Majumdar, N.C.; Hiralal, E.S.: “High draught kiln: its operation, control and economics”, in Brick and Tiles News (Roorke, India, Central Building Research Institute), 1980, pp. 47-51.

(59) Salmang, H.: Ceramics: physical and chemical fundamentals (London, Butterworths, 1961).

(60) FAO: Yearbook 1981 (Rome, 1982).

(61) Madibbo, A.M.; Richter, M.: “Fired clay bricks in the Sudan”, in Building Research Digest (Khartoum, National Building Research Station), 1970, No. 6, Phase 1.

(62) Rad, P.F.: “A simple technique for determining strength of brick”, in Proceedings of the North American Masonry Conference (1978) Part. 40, pp. 1-10.

(63) Jain, L.C.: “Accelerated test for lime blowing”, in British Clayworker, 1971, Vol. 80, No. 947, pp. 40-41.

(64) Butterworth, B.: “The frost resistance of bricks and tiles - A review”, in Journal of the British Ceramic Society (Stoke-on-Trent), 1964, Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 203-223.

(65) Spence, R.J.S.: Small-scale production of cementitious materials (London, Intermediate Technology Publications, 1980).

(66) Smith, R.G.: Rice husk ash cement (Rugby, United Kingdom, Intermediate Technology Industrial Service, 1983).

(67) Central Building Research Institute: Cementitious binder from waste lime sludge and rice husk, Technical Note No. 72,(Roorke, India, 2nd edition, 1980).

(68) Spence, R.J.S.: Alternative cements in India (London, Intermediate Technology Development Group, 1976).

(69) Indian Standards Institution: Specification for lime pozzolana mixture, No. IS 4098-1967 (New Delhi, 1967).

(70) Beningfield, N.: Aspects of cement-based mortars for brickwork and blockwork concrete (London, 1980).

(71) Smith, R.G.: Gypsum, Proceedings of a meeting on small-scale manufacture of cementitious materials (London, Intermediate Technology Publications, 1974).

(72) British Standards Institution: Specification for masonry cement, Doc. No. BS 5224-1976 (London, 1976).

(73) British Standards Institution: Code of practice for structural use of masonry, Part 1: Unreinforced Masonry, Doc. No. BS 5628 Ptl-1978 (London, 1978).

(74) Butterworth, B.: The properties of clay building materials. Paper presented to a Ceramics Symposium (Stoke-on-Trent, British Ceramic Society, 1953).

(75) Macey, H.H.; Green, A.T.: The labour involved in making and firing common bricks, National Brick Advisory Council Paper No. 2 (London, HMSO, 1947).

(76) Centro Nacional de la Construccion: Diagnosis of the economic and technological State of the Colombian brickmaking industry, Doc. No. GEN 10-76 (Bogota, 1976).

(77) Parry, J.P.M.: Technical options in brick and tile production, Paper presented to an Intermediate Technology Workshop (Birmingham, 1983).

(78) Keddie, J.; Cleghorn, W.: “Least cost brickmaking”, in Appropriate Technology, 1978, Vol. 5, No. 3, pp. 24-27.

(79) British Research Establishment: Building research centres and similar organisations throughout the world, Overseas Building Note No. 163 (Garston, Watford, 1978).

(80) UNIDO: Information sources on the ceramics industry, Guide to Information Sources No. 17 (New York, 1975).

APPENDIX III - Institutes from where information can be obtained

ARGENTINA

Association Tecnica Argentina de Ceramica,
Talcahuano 847,
P.B. Buenos Aires.

AUSTRALIA

Division of Building Research,
CSIRO,
Graham Road,
Highett, Victoria 3190.

AUSTRIA

United Nations Industrial Development Organisation,
Vienna International Centre,
P.O. Box 400,
A-1400 Vienna.

BOTSWANA

Ministry of Local Government and Lands,
Private Bag 006,
Gaborone.

COLOMBIA

National Centre for Construction Studies,
Ciudad Universitaria C1145-Cra 30,
Edificio CINVA,
AA34219 Bogota.

EGYPT

General Organisation for Housing, Building and Planning Research,
P.O. Box 1170,
El-Tahreer Street, Dokky,
Cairo.

FRANCE

Centre Technique des Tuiles et Briques,
2, avenue Hoche,
75008 Paris.

International Union of Testing and Research Laboratories (RILEM),
12, rue Brancion,
75737 Paris

FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY

Institut fr Ziegelforschung, Essen e V, Am Zehnthof,
4300 Essen-Kray.

GHANA

Building and Road Research Institute,
University, P.O. Box 40,
Kumasi.

INDIA

Central Building Research Institute,
Roorke (Uttar Pradesh), 277672.

INDONESIA

Directorate of Building Research,
United Nations Regional Housing Centre,
P.O. Box 15,
84 Jalan Tamansari,
Bandung.

IRAQ

Building Research Centre,
P.O. Box 127,
Jadiriyah, Bagdad.

ISRAEL

Building Research Station,
Israel Institute of Technology,
Technion City, Haifa.

IVORY COAST

Socit des Briqueteries de Cte d’Ivoire,
B.P. 10303,
Abidjan.

JORDAN

Building Materials Research Centre,
Royal Scientific Society,
P.O. Box 6945,
Amman.

MADAGASCAR

Centre National de l’Artisanat Malagasy,
B.P. 540,
Antananarivo.

MALAWI

Malawi Housing Corporation,
P.O. Box 414,
Blantyre.

NETHERLANDS

International Council for Building Research Studies and Documentation (CIB),
Weena 704, Post Box 20704,
3001 JA Rotterdam.

PAKISTAN

Pakistan Council for Scientific and Industrial Research,
Off University Road,
Karachi 39.

PAPUA NEW GUINEA

Department of Public Works,
P.O. Box 1108,
Boroko.

PHILIPPINES

Ceramic Association of the Philippines,
P.O. Box 499,
Makati, Rizal.

SUDAN

Building and Road Research Institute,
University of Khartoum,
P.O. Box 35,
Khartoum

SWITZERLAND

Technology and Employment Branch,
International Labour Office,
CH-1211 Geneva 22.

International Standard Organisation,
1, rue de Varemb,
CH-1211 Geneva

TANZANIA

Small Industries Development Organisation,
P.O. Box 2476,
Dar-es-Salaam.

THAILAND

Applied Scientific Research Corporation of Thailand
196 Phahonyothin Road,
Bankkhen,
Bangkok.

TRINIDAD

Caribbean Industrial Research Institute,
Post office box,
Tunapuna.

UNITED KINGDOM

British Ceramic Research Association,
Queens Road,
Penkhull,
Stoke-on-Trent ST4 7LG.

Building Research Establishment,
Bucknalls Lane,
Garston, Watford, Herts WD2 7JR.

Intermediate Technology Development Group,
9, King Street,
Covent Garden, London WC2E 8HN.

Intermediate Technology Workshop,
Corngreaves Trading Estate,
Overend Road,
Warley, West Midlands B64 7DD.

UNITED STATES

American Ceramic Society, Inc.,
4055 North High Street,
Columbus, Ohio 43214.

Volunteers in Technical Assistance,
1815 N. Lynn Street,
Suite 200,
P.O. Box 12438,
Arlington, Virginia 22209

UPPER VOLTA

Socit Voltaque de Briqueterie et de Cramique
B.P. 148,
Ouagadougou.

ZAMBIA

National Council for Scientific Research,
P.O. Box CH 158,
Chelston, Lusaka.

APPENDIX IV - List of equipment suppliers

	Type of equipment
AUSTRALIA Automet Industries Pty Ltd., P.O. Box 68, 88 Beattie Street, Balmain NSW 2014,	General equipment
BELGIUM Sa Samic, Hanswijvaart 21, 2800 Mechelen	General equipment
DENMARK Niro Atomizer A/S, Gladsaxevej 305, DK-2860 Soeborg	General equipment
FRANCE CERIC International, 18, rue Royale, 75008 Paris	General equipment
GHANA Agricultural Engineers, Accra	Trough mixer
INDIA Raj Clay Products, 5 Mill Officers’ Colony, Ashram Road, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad 380009	Semi-mechanised equipment
ITALY Unimorando Consortium, Corson Don Minzoni 182, 14100 Asti	General equipment
KENYA Christian Industrial Training Centre (CITC), Meru Road, Pumwani P.O. Box 729935 Nairobi	Crusher, table mould
NETHERLANDS Joh’s Aberson bv., 8120 AA, Olst	Soft mud
UNITED KINGDOM Craven Fawcett Ltd., P.O. Box 21, Dewsbury Road, Wakefield, Yorkshire, WF2 9BD	General equipment
William Boulton Ltd, Providence Engineering Works, Burslem, Stoke-on-Trent, Staffs, ST6 3BQ	General equipment
Croker Ltd., Runnings Road, Cheltenham, Glos.	Pan mixer
British Ceramic Plant Manufacturers’s Association, P.O. Box 107, Broadstone, Dorset BH18 8LQ	General information service
W.G. Cannon, Broadway House, The Broadway, London SW19	Fans
Auto Combustions Hoistrack Ltd, Hartcourt, Halesfield 13, Telford, Salop. TF7 4QR	Oil burners
Intermediate Technology Workshops, J.P.M. Marry and Assts. Ltd., Overend Road, Cradley Heath, West Midlands B64 7DD	Crusher, table moulds, Handling equipment.
Allied Insulators, Albion works, Uttoxeter Road, Longton, Stoke-on-Trent ST3 1HP	Pyrometric cones and rings
Bair and Tatlock Ltd., Freshwater Road, Chadwell Heath, Essex	General laboratory equipment
William Boulton Ltd., Providence Engineering Works, Burslem, Stoke-on-Trent, Staff ST6 3BQ	Clay machinery
Podmore and Sons Ltd., Shelton, Stoke-on-Trent ST1 4PQ	Clay machinery
British Ceramics Service Co. Ltd., Bricesco House, Park Avenue, Wolstanton, Newcastle-under-Lyme, Staffs, ST4 8AT	Kilns
Kilns and Furnaces Ltd., Keele Street, Tunstall, Stoke-on-Trent, Staffs, ST6 5AS	Kilns
Leonard Farnell and Co. Ltd., Station Road, North Mymms, Hatfield, Herts AL9 7SR	Testing apparatus and augers
UNITED STATES Interkiln Corporation of America, P.O. Box 2048, Houston, Texas 77252	General equipment
ZIMBABWE World Radio Systems, Bush House, 72-72 Cameron Street, P.O. Box 2772, Harare	Crusher, table moulds